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enhanced oil recovery
:''This article is about stimulating production from conventional oil fields. For oil-sand information, see'' oil sands.
Enhanced oil recovery (abbreviated EOR) is the implementation of various techniques for increasing the amount of crude oil that can be extracted from an oil field. Enhanced oil recovery is also called improved oil recovery or tertiary recovery (as opposed to primary and secondary recovery). According to the US Department of Energy, there are three primary techniques for EOR: thermal recovery, gas injection, and chemical injection.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://energy.gov/fe/science-innovation/oil-gas-research/enhanced-oil-recovery )〕 Sometimes the term quaternary recovery is used to refer to more advanced, speculative, EOR techniques. Using EOR, 30 to 60 percent, or more, of the reservoir's original oil can be extracted,〔 compared with 20 to 40 percent using primary and secondary recovery.〔Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA (1999). ("Enhanced Oil Recovery Scoping Study." ) Final Report, No. TR-113836.〕〔Clean Air Task Force (2009). ("About EOR" )〕
==Techniques==
There are three primary techniques of EOR: gas injection, thermal injection, and chemical injection. Gas injection, which uses gases such as natural gas, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (CO2), accounts for nearly 60 percent of EOR production in the United States.〔 Thermal injection, which involves the introduction of heat, accounts for 40 percent of EOR production in the United States, with most of it occurring in California.〔 Chemical injection, which can involve the use of long-chained molecules called polymers to increase the effectiveness of waterfloods, accounts for about one percent of EOR production in the United States.〔 In 2013, a technique called Plasma-Pulse technology was introduced into the United States from Russia. This technique can result in another 50 percent of improvement in existing well production.〔http://www.prweb.com/releases/enhanced_oil_recovery/oil_services/prweb10316946.htm〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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